%% apa:: Arnstein, S. R. (2019). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. _Journal of the American Planning Association_, _85_(1), 24–34. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388](https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388) %% # A Ladder of Citizen Participation --- Arnstein, S. R. (2019). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. _Journal of the American Planning Association_, _85_(1), 24–34. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388](https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388) ^apa --- ## Metadata title: A Ladder of Citizen Participation author:: Sherry R. Arnstein cite-key:: arnstein2019LadderCitizenParticipation date_published:: 2019-01-02 url:: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388) doi:: [10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388](https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388) Type: Journal article keywords:: ## Abstract The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program. ^abstract --- ## Notes